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MDCAT Syllabus

This is the uniform curriculum issued by the Pakistan Medical & Dental Council in 2025. It was reported as unchanged for MDCAT 2026. PM&DC has not published a syllabus for MDCAT 2027 yet, but this is the best guide until it does.

Official PM&DC syllabus PDF · Paper pattern and marks · 12-week study plan · Last checked 6 November 2026

🧬 Biology · 45%⚗️ Chemistry · 25%⚛️ Physics · 20%📖 English · 5%🧩 Logical Reasoning · 5%

🧬 Biology

45% weightage · 81 MCQs in the paper · 16 units

Notes Bio test

Unit 1Acellular Life8 MCQs

Topic	Learning outcomes
Viruses	1.1 Classify viruses on basis of their structure / number of strands / diseases / hosts etc.
AIDS and HIV Infection	1.2 Identify symptoms, mode of transmission and cause of viral disease (AIDS)

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Unit 2Bioenergetics7 MCQs

Topic	Learning outcomes
Respiration	2.1 Outline the cellular respiration of proteins and fats and correlate these with that of glucose.

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Unit 3Biological Molecules14 MCQs

Topic	Learning outcomes
Biological molecules	3.1 Define and classify biological molecules. 3.2 Discuss the importance of biological molecules
Biological Importance of Water	3.3 Describe biologically important properties of water (polarity, hydrolysis, specific heat, water as solvent and reagent, density, cohesion/ionization)
Carbohydrates	3.4 Discuss carbohydrates: monosaccharides (glucose), oligosaccharides (cane sugar, sucrose, lactose), polysaccharides (starches, cellulose, glycogen)
Proteins	3.5 Describe proteins: amino acids, structure of proteins
Lipids	3.6 Describe lipids: phospholipids, triglycerides, alcohol and esters (acylglycerol)
Ribonucleic acid (RNA)	3.7 Give an account of structure and function of RNA
Conjugated molecules	3.8 Discuss conjugated molecules (glycolipids, glycoproteins)
Structure of DNA	3.9 Explain the double helical structure of DNA as proposed by Watson and Crick. 3.10 Define gene as a sequence of nucleotides as part of DNA, which codes for the formation of a polypeptide.

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Unit 4Cell Structure & Function10 MCQs

Topic	Learning outcomes
Cell structure	4.1 Compare the structure of typical animal and plant cell
Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic cell	4.2 Compare and contrast the structure of prokaryotic cells with eukaryotic cells
Cytoplasmic Organelles	4.3 Outline the structure and function of the following organelles: nucleus, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus and mitochondria
Chromosomes	4.4 Describe the structure, chemical composition and function of chromosomes.

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Unit 5Coordination & Control11 MCQs

Topic	Learning outcomes
Receptors	5.1 Recognize receptors as transducers sensitive to various stimuli.
Neurons	5.2 Explain the structure of a typical neuron (cell body, dendrites, axon and myelin sheath) 5.3 Define nerve impulse 5.4 Classify reflexes 5.5 Briefly explain the functions of components of a reflex arc
Brain	5.6 Discuss the main parts of the brain (e.g. components of brain stem, mid brain, cerebellum, cerebrum) 5.7 Describe the functions of each part.

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Unit 6Enzymes8 MCQs

Topic	Learning outcomes
Enzymes	6.1 Describe the distinguishing characteristics of enzymes
Mode of Enzyme Action	6.2 Explain mechanism of action of enzymes
Factors that Affect the Rate of Enzyme Reactions	6.3 Describe effects of factors on enzyme action (temperature, pH and concentration)
Inhibitors	6.4 Describe enzyme inhibitors

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Unit 7Evolution7 MCQs

Topic	Learning outcomes
Concept of Evolution	7.1 Explain origin of life according to concept of evolution
Lamarckism	7.2 Describe the theory of inheritance of acquired characters, as proposed by Lamarck.
Darwinism	7.3 Explain the theory of natural selection as proposed by Darwin

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Unit 8Reproduction9 MCQs

Topic	Learning outcomes
Human Reproductive system	8.1 Describe the functions of various parts of the male & female reproductive systems and the hormones that regulate those functions
Menstrual cycle	8.2 Describe the menstrual cycle (female reproductive cycle) emphasizing the role of hormones
Sexually transmitted diseases	8.3 List the common sexually transmitted diseases along with their causative agents and main symptoms

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Unit 9Support & Movement11 MCQs

Topic	Learning outcomes
Human skeleton	9.1 Describe cartilage, muscle and bone 9.2 Explain the main characteristics of cartilage and bone along with functions.
Muscles	9.3 Compare characteristics of smooth muscles, cardiac muscles and skeletal muscles
Skeletal muscles	9.4 Explain the ultra-structure of skeletal muscles
Muscle contraction	9.5 Describe in brief the process of skeletal muscle contraction
Joints	9.6 Classify joints
Arthritis	9.7 Define arthritis

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Unit 10Inheritance10 MCQs

Topic	Learning outcomes
Mendel's laws of Inheritance	10.1 Associate inheritance with the laws of Mendel. 10.2 Explain the law of independent assortment, using a suitable example.
Gene linkage and crossing over	10.3 Describe the terms gene linkage and crossing over 10.4 Explain how gene linkage counters independent assortment and crossing-over modifies the progeny
X-linked Recessive inheritance	10.5 Describe the concept of sex-linkage. 10.6 Briefly describe inheritance of sex-linked traits 10.7 Analyze the inheritance of hemophilia.

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Unit 11Circulation11 MCQs

Topic	Learning outcomes
Human Heart	11.1 Discuss general structure of human heart
Cardiac cycle and phases of Heartbeat	11.2 Describe the phases of heartbeat.
Blood Vessels	11.3 List the differences and functions of arteries, veins and capillaries.
Lymphatic system	11.4 Describe lymphatic system (nodes, vessels and organs)

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Unit 12Immunity9 MCQs

Topic	Learning outcomes
Specific Defense Mechanism	12.1 Define and discuss the functions and importance of specific defense mechanisms.

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Unit 13Respiration9 MCQs

Topic	Learning outcomes
Human Respiratory System	13.1 Discuss the functions of main parts of respiratory system. 13.2 Discuss the process of gas exchange in human lungs. 13.3 Discuss the effect of smoking on respiratory system.

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Unit 14Digestion9 MCQs

Topic	Learning outcomes
Human digestive system	14.1 Describe the parts of human digestive system 14.2 Explain the functions of the main parts of the digestive system including associated structures and glands

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Unit 15Homeostasis11 MCQs

Topic	Learning outcomes
Urinary system	15.1 Explain different organs of urinary system. Describe the structure of kidney and relate it with its function.
Homeostasis (kidney specifically)	15.2 Explain the processes of glomerular filtration, selective re-absorption and tubular secretion as the events in kidney functioning. 15.3 Justify the functioning of kidneys as both excretion and osmoregulation. 15.4 Compare the function of two major capillary beds in kidney i.e. glomerular capillaries and peritubular capillaries. 15.5 Explain the causes and treatments of kidney stones. 15.6 Outline the causes of kidney failure.
Thermoregulation	15.7 Describe thermoregulation and explain its needs.
Excretion	15.8 List various nitrogenous compounds excreted during the process of excretion.

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Unit 16Biotechnology8 MCQs

Topic	Learning outcomes
Biotechnology and Health Care	16.1 Describe how biotechnologists can combat health problems by producing vaccines. 16.2 State the role played by biotechnology in disease diagnosis (DNA/RNA probes, monoclonal antibodies). 16.3 Describe what products biotechnologists obtain for use in disease treatment.

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⚗️ Chemistry

25% weightage · 45 MCQs in the paper · 20 units

Notes Chem test

Unit 1Fundamental Concepts of Chemistry6 MCQs

Topic	Learning outcomes
Moles and Avogadro's Number	1.1 Construct mole ratios from balanced equations for use as conversion factors in stoichiometric problems. 1.2 Perform stoichiometric calculations with balanced equations using moles, representative particles, masses and volumes of gases (at STP).
Limiting and Excess Reactants	1.3 Explain the limiting reagent in reaction 1.4 Calculate the maximum number of products produced and the amount of any un-reacted excess reagent
Yield	1.5 Given information from which any two of the following may be determined, calculate the third: theoretical yield, actual yield, percentage yield. 1.6 Calculate the theoretical yield and the percent yield when given the balanced equation, the amount of reactants and the actual yield.

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Unit 2Atomic Structure9 MCQs

Topic	Learning outcomes
Discovery of Proton / Planck's Quantum Theory	2.1 Describe discovery and properties of proton (positive rays) 2.2 Define photon as a unit of radiation energy
Quantum Number	2.3 Describe the concept of orbitals. 2.4 Distinguish among principal energy level, energy sub-level and atomic orbitals
Shapes of orbitals	2.5 Describe the general shapes of s, p and d orbitals.
Spectrum of Hydrogen	2.6 Describe hydrogen atom using the quantum theory
Electronic Configuration	2.7 Use the Aufbau principle, the Pauli Exclusion Principle and Hund's Rule to write the electronic configuration of atoms. 2.8 Write electronic configuration of atom

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Unit 3Gases7 MCQs

Topic	Learning outcomes
Kinetic Molecular Theory & Gas Laws	3.1 List the postulates of Kinetic Molecular Theory 3.2 Describe the motion of particles of the gas according to kinetic theory. 3.3 State the values of standard temperature and pressure (STP) 3.4 Describe the effect of change in pressure on the volume of gas. 3.5 Describe the effect of change in temperature on the volume of gas. 3.6 Explain the significance of the absolute zero, giving its value in degree. 3.7 Derive ideal gas equation using Boyle's law, Charles's law and Avogadro's law. 3.8 Explain the significance and different units of ideal gas constant. 3.9 Distinguish between real and ideal gases.

Topic

Learning outcomes

Kinetic Molecular Theory & Gas Laws

3.1 List the postulates of Kinetic Molecular Theory
3.2 Describe the motion of particles of the gas according to kinetic theory.
3.3 State the values of standard temperature and pressure (STP)
3.4 Describe the effect of change in pressure on the volume of gas.
3.5 Describe the effect of change in temperature on the volume of gas.
3.6 Explain the significance of the absolute zero, giving its value in degree.
3.7 Derive ideal gas equation using Boyle's law, Charles's law and Avogadro's law.
3.8 Explain the significance and different units of ideal gas constant.
3.9 Distinguish between real and ideal gases.

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Unit 4Liquids7 MCQs

Topic	Learning outcomes
Properties of Liquids	4.1 Describe simple properties of liquids e.g. diffusion, compression, expansion, motion of molecules, spaces between them, intermolecular forces and kinetic energy based on kinetic molecular theory. 4.2 Explain physical properties of liquid such as evaporation, vapour pressure, boiling point 4.3 Describe the hydrogen bonding in H₂O, NH₃ and HF molecules. 4.4 Anomalous behaviour of water when its density shows maximum at 4 degrees centigrade.

Topic

Learning outcomes

Properties of Liquids

4.1 Describe simple properties of liquids e.g. diffusion, compression, expansion, motion of molecules, spaces between them, intermolecular forces and kinetic energy based on kinetic molecular theory.
4.2 Explain physical properties of liquid such as evaporation, vapour pressure, boiling point
4.3 Describe the hydrogen bonding in H₂O, NH₃ and HF molecules.
4.4 Anomalous behaviour of water when its density shows maximum at 4 degrees centigrade.

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Unit 5Solids6 MCQs

Topic	Learning outcomes
Crystalline Solids	5.1 Describe crystalline solid 5.2 Name three factors that affect the shape of the ionic crystals. 5.3 Give brief description of ionic and molecular crystals. 5.4 Explain the structure of a crystal lattice 5.5 Define lattice energy

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Unit 6Chemical Equilibrium9 MCQs

Topic	Learning outcomes
Chemical Equilibrium	6.1 Define chemical equilibrium in terms of reversible reaction. 6.2 Write both forward and reverse reactions; describe the macroscopic characteristics of each
Le Chatelier's principle	6.3 State Le Chatelier's principle and be able to apply it to systems in equilibrium with changes in concentration, pressure, temperature or addition of catalyst.
Solubility Products	6.4 Define and explain solubility products.
Common Ion Effect	6.5 Define and explain the common ion effect by giving suitable examples.
Buffer Solution	6.6 Define buffer solution and explain types of buffers.
Haber's Process	6.7 Explain synthesis of ammonia by Haber's process.

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Unit 7Reaction Kinetics8 MCQs

Topic	Learning outcomes
Chemical Kinetics	7.1 Define chemical kinetics. 7.2 Explain the terms: rate of reaction, rate equation.
Factors affecting rate of reaction	7.3 Explain qualitatively factors affecting rate of reaction.
Order of Reaction	7.4 Give the order with respect to the reactant, write the rate law for reaction. 7.5 Explain the meaning of the term "activation energy" and "activated complex". 7.6 Relate the ideas of activation energy and the activated complex to the rate of reaction.
Rate Constant	7.7 Describe the role of the rate constant in the theoretical determination of reaction rate.

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Unit 8Thermochemistry & Energetics8 MCQs

Topic	Learning outcomes
Thermochemistry	8.1 Define thermodynamics 8.2 Classify reactions as exothermic and endothermic 8.3 Define the terms system, surrounding, boundary, state function, heat, heat capacity, internal energy, work done and enthalpy of a substance. 8.4 Name and define the units of internal energy. 8.5 Explain the first law of thermodynamics of energy conservation. 8.6 Apply Hess's law to construct simple energy cycles. 8.7 Describe enthalpy of the reaction

Topic

Learning outcomes

Thermochemistry

8.1 Define thermodynamics
8.2 Classify reactions as exothermic and endothermic
8.3 Define the terms system, surrounding, boundary, state function, heat, heat capacity, internal energy, work done and enthalpy of a substance.
8.4 Name and define the units of internal energy.
8.5 Explain the first law of thermodynamics of energy conservation.
8.6 Apply Hess's law to construct simple energy cycles.
8.7 Describe enthalpy of the reaction

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Unit 9Electrochemistry8 MCQs

Topic	Learning outcomes
Redox & Electrodes	9.1 Give the characteristics of a redox reaction. 9.2 Define oxidation and reduction in terms of a change in oxidation number. 9.3 Use the oxidation number change method to identify atoms being oxidized or reduced in redox reactions. 9.4 Define cathode, anode, electrode potential and S.H.E. 9.5 Define the standard electrode potential of an electrode.

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Unit 10Chemical Bonding10 MCQs

Topic	Learning outcomes
VSEPR, hybridization, polarity, bond energy	10.1 Use VSEPR theory to describe the shapes of the molecules. 10.2 Describe the features of sigma and pi bonds. 10.3 Describe the shapes of simple molecules using orbital hybridization. 10.4 Determine the shapes of some molecules from the number of the bonded pairs. 10.5 Predict the molecular polarity from the shapes of molecules. 10.6 Explain what is meant by the term ionic character of the covalent bond. 10.7 Describe how knowledge of molecular polarity can be used to explain some physical and chemical properties of the molecules. 10.8 Define bond energies and explain how they can be used to compare bond strength of different chemical bonds.

Topic

Learning outcomes

VSEPR, hybridization, polarity, bond energy

10.1 Use VSEPR theory to describe the shapes of the molecules.
10.2 Describe the features of sigma and pi bonds.
10.3 Describe the shapes of simple molecules using orbital hybridization.
10.4 Determine the shapes of some molecules from the number of the bonded pairs.
10.5 Predict the molecular polarity from the shapes of molecules.
10.6 Explain what is meant by the term ionic character of the covalent bond.
10.7 Describe how knowledge of molecular polarity can be used to explain some physical and chemical properties of the molecules.
10.8 Define bond energies and explain how they can be used to compare bond strength of different chemical bonds.

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Unit 11s- and p-Block Elements9 MCQs

Topic	Learning outcomes
Periodic trends & group chemistry	11.1 Define and explain the terms atomic radii, ionic radii, covalent radii, ionization energy, electron affinity, electronegativity, bond energy and bond length. 11.2 Recognize the demarcation of the periodic table into s-block, p-block, d-block and f-block. 11.3 Describe reactions of Group I elements with water, oxygen and chlorine. 11.4 Describe reactions of Group II elements with water, oxygen and chlorine. 11.5 Describe reactions of Group IV elements.

Topic

Learning outcomes

Periodic trends & group chemistry

11.1 Define and explain the terms atomic radii, ionic radii, covalent radii, ionization energy, electron affinity, electronegativity, bond energy and bond length.
11.2 Recognize the demarcation of the periodic table into s-block, p-block, d-block and f-block.
11.3 Describe reactions of Group I elements with water, oxygen and chlorine.
11.4 Describe reactions of Group II elements with water, oxygen and chlorine.
11.5 Describe reactions of Group IV elements.

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Unit 12Transition Elements6 MCQs

Topic	Learning outcomes
Electronic Structure	12.1 Describe the electronic structures of the elements and ions of d-block elements.

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Unit 13Fundamental Principles of Organic Chemistry7 MCQs

Topic	Learning outcomes
Organic compounds	13.1 Define organic chemistry and organic compound. 13.2 Classify organic compounds on structural basis. 13.3 Define functional group. 13.4 Explain stereoisomerism and its types.

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Unit 14Chemistry of Hydrocarbons14 MCQs

Topic	Learning outcomes
Alkanes, alkenes, benzene, alkynes	14.1 Describe the nomenclature of alkanes. 14.2 Define free radical initiation, propagation and termination. 14.3 Describe the mechanism of the free radical substitution in alkanes exemplified by methane and ethane. 14.4 Explain the IUPAC nomenclature of alkenes. 14.5 Explain the shapes of the ethene molecule in terms of sigma and pi C–C bonds. 14.6 Describe the structure and reactivity of alkenes as exemplified by ethene. 14.7 Explain dehydration of alcohols and dehydrohalogenation of RX for the preparation of ethene 14.8 Explain the shape of benzene molecule (molecular orbital treatment). 14.9 Define resonance, resonance energy and relative stability. 14.10 Compare the reactivity of benzene with alkanes and alkenes. 14.11 Define addition reactions of benzene and methylbenzene. 14.12 Describe the mechanism of electrophilic substitution in benzene. 14.13 Discuss chemistry of benzene and methylbenzene by nitration, sulphonation, halogenation, Friedel-Crafts alkylation and acylation. 14.14 Apply the knowledge of positions of substituents in the electrophilic substitution of benzene. 14.15 Use the IUPAC naming system of alkynes. 14.16 Describe the preparation of alkynes using elimination reactions. 14.17 Describe the acidity of alkynes 14.18 Discuss chemistry of alkynes by hydrogenation, hydrohalogenation and hydration. 14.19 Describe and differentiate between substitution and addition reactions.

Topic

Learning outcomes

Alkanes, alkenes, benzene, alkynes

14.1 Describe the nomenclature of alkanes.
14.2 Define free radical initiation, propagation and termination.
14.3 Describe the mechanism of the free radical substitution in alkanes exemplified by methane and ethane.
14.4 Explain the IUPAC nomenclature of alkenes.
14.5 Explain the shapes of the ethene molecule in terms of sigma and pi C–C bonds.
14.6 Describe the structure and reactivity of alkenes as exemplified by ethene.
14.7 Explain dehydration of alcohols and dehydrohalogenation of RX for the preparation of ethene
14.8 Explain the shape of benzene molecule (molecular orbital treatment).
14.9 Define resonance, resonance energy and relative stability.
14.10 Compare the reactivity of benzene with alkanes and alkenes.
14.11 Define addition reactions of benzene and methylbenzene.
14.12 Describe the mechanism of electrophilic substitution in benzene.
14.13 Discuss chemistry of benzene and methylbenzene by nitration, sulphonation, halogenation, Friedel-Crafts alkylation and acylation.
14.14 Apply the knowledge of positions of substituents in the electrophilic substitution of benzene.
14.15 Use the IUPAC naming system of alkynes.
14.16 Describe the preparation of alkynes using elimination reactions.
14.17 Describe the acidity of alkynes
14.18 Discuss chemistry of alkynes by hydrogenation, hydrohalogenation and hydration.
14.19 Describe and differentiate between substitution and addition reactions.

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Unit 15Alkyl Halides7 MCQs

Topic	Learning outcomes
Alkyl halides	15.1 Name alkyl halides using IUPAC system. 15.2 Discuss the structure and reactivity of RX. 15.3 Describe the mechanism and types of nucleophilic substitution reactions. 15.4 Describe the mechanism and types of elimination reactions.

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Unit 16Alcohols and Phenols8 MCQs

Topic	Learning outcomes
Alcohols and phenols	16.1 Explain nomenclature and structure of alcohols. 16.2 Explain the reactivity of alcohols. 16.3 Describe the chemistry of alcohols by preparation of ethers and esters. 16.4 Explain the nomenclature, structure and reactivity of phenol 16.5 Discuss the reactivity of phenol and their chemistry by electrophilic aromatic substitution. 16.6 Differentiate between an alcohol and phenol.

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Unit 17Aldehydes and Ketones8 MCQs

Topic	Learning outcomes
Carbonyl compounds	17.1 Explain nomenclature and structure of aldehydes and ketones. 17.2 Discuss the preparation of aldehydes and ketones. 17.3 Describe reactivity of aldehydes and ketones and their comparison. 17.4 Describe acid and base catalyzed nucleophilic addition reactions of aldehydes and ketones. 17.5 Discuss the chemistry of aldehydes and ketones by their reduction to alcohols 17.6 Describe oxidation reactions of aldehydes and ketones.

Topic

Learning outcomes

Carbonyl compounds

17.1 Explain nomenclature and structure of aldehydes and ketones.
17.2 Discuss the preparation of aldehydes and ketones.
17.3 Describe reactivity of aldehydes and ketones and their comparison.
17.4 Describe acid and base catalyzed nucleophilic addition reactions of aldehydes and ketones.
17.5 Discuss the chemistry of aldehydes and ketones by their reduction to alcohols
17.6 Describe oxidation reactions of aldehydes and ketones.

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Unit 18Carboxylic Acids8 MCQs

Topic	Learning outcomes
Carboxylic acids & derivatives	18.1 Describe nomenclature, structure and preparation of carboxylic acid. 18.2 Discuss reactivity of carboxylic acid. 18.3 Describe the chemistry of carboxylic acid by conversion to carboxylic acid derivatives: acyl halides, acid anhydrides, esters and reactions involving inter-conversion of these.

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Unit 19Macromolecules7 MCQs

Topic	Learning outcomes
Proteins & enzymes	19.1 Explain the basis of classification and structure–function relationship of proteins. 19.2 Describe the role of various proteins in maintaining body functions and their nutritional importance. 19.3 Describe the role of enzymes as biocatalysts.

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Unit 20Industrial Chemistry8 MCQs

Topic	Learning outcomes
Adhesives, dyes, polymers	20.1 Know about types and application of adhesives. 20.2 Know about types of dyes and their uses. 20.3 Know about condensation and addition polymers and their sub-types.

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⚛️ Physics

20% weightage · 36 MCQs in the paper · 16 units

Notes Phy test

Unit 1Vectors and Equilibrium7 MCQs

Topic	Learning outcomes
Addition of Vectors (Rectangular Components)	1.1 Determine the sum of vectors using perpendicular components
Product of Vectors (Scalar Product)	1.2 Describe scalar product of two vectors in terms of angle between them
Product of Vectors (Vector Product)	1.3 Describe vector product of two vectors in terms of angle between them.

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Unit 2Force and Motion11 MCQs

Topic	Learning outcomes
Kinematics, projectiles, Newton's laws, momentum	2.1 Describe displacement. 2.2 Describe average velocity of objects. 2.3 Interpret displacement-time graph of objects moving along the same straight line. 2.4 Describe acceleration 2.5 Distinguish between uniform and variable acceleration. 2.6 Explain that projectile motion is two-dimensional motion in a vertical plane. 2.7 Communicate the ideas of a projectile in the absence of air resistance. 2.8 Explain horizontal component (VH) of velocity is constant. 2.9 Acceleration is in the vertical direction and is the same as that of a vertically free-falling object. 2.10 Differentiate between the characteristics of horizontal motion and vertical motion 2.11 Evaluate maximum height, range, time of flight, launch angle for maximum range and complementary angles giving the same range. 2.12 Apply Newton's laws to explain the motion of objects in a variety of contexts. 2.13 Describe Newton's second law of motion as rate of change of momentum. 2.14 Correlate Newton's third law of motion and conservation of momentum. 2.15 Solve problems of elastic and inelastic collisions in one dimension using conservation of momentum. 2.16 Describe that momentum is conserved in all situations (e.g. explosions). 2.17 Identify that for a perfectly elastic collision, relative speed of approach = relative speed of separation.

Topic

Learning outcomes

Kinematics, projectiles, Newton's laws, momentum

2.1 Describe displacement.
2.2 Describe average velocity of objects.
2.3 Interpret displacement-time graph of objects moving along the same straight line.
2.4 Describe acceleration
2.5 Distinguish between uniform and variable acceleration.
2.6 Explain that projectile motion is two-dimensional motion in a vertical plane.
2.7 Communicate the ideas of a projectile in the absence of air resistance.
2.8 Explain horizontal component (VH) of velocity is constant.
2.9 Acceleration is in the vertical direction and is the same as that of a vertically free-falling object.
2.10 Differentiate between the characteristics of horizontal motion and vertical motion
2.11 Evaluate maximum height, range, time of flight, launch angle for maximum range and complementary angles giving the same range.
2.12 Apply Newton's laws to explain the motion of objects in a variety of contexts.
2.13 Describe Newton's second law of motion as rate of change of momentum.
2.14 Correlate Newton's third law of motion and conservation of momentum.
2.15 Solve problems of elastic and inelastic collisions in one dimension using conservation of momentum.
2.16 Describe that momentum is conserved in all situations (e.g. explosions).
2.17 Identify that for a perfectly elastic collision, relative speed of approach = relative speed of separation.

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Unit 3Work and Energy8 MCQs

Topic	Learning outcomes
Work, energy, power	3.1 Describe the concept of work in terms of the product of force F and displacement d in the direction of force 3.2 Describe energy 3.3 Explain kinetic energy 3.4 Explain the difference between potential energy and gravitational potential energy. 3.5 Describe that gravitational potential energy is measured from a reference level and can be positive or negative. 3.6 Express power as scalar product of force and velocity. 3.7 Explain that work done against friction is dissipated as heat in the environment. 3.8 State the implications of energy losses in practical devices

Topic

Learning outcomes

Work, energy, power

3.1 Describe the concept of work in terms of the product of force F and displacement d in the direction of force
3.2 Describe energy
3.3 Explain kinetic energy
3.4 Explain the difference between potential energy and gravitational potential energy.
3.5 Describe that gravitational potential energy is measured from a reference level and can be positive or negative.
3.6 Express power as scalar product of force and velocity.
3.7 Explain that work done against friction is dissipated as heat in the environment.
3.8 State the implications of energy losses in practical devices

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Unit 4Rotational and Circular Motion7 MCQs

Topic	Learning outcomes
Angular quantities	4.1 Define angular displacement, express angular displacement in radians. 4.2 Define revolution, degree and radian 4.3 Describe the term angular velocity 4.4 Find the relationships between linear and angular variables, displacements, velocities and accelerations

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Unit 5Fluid Dynamics9 MCQs

Topic	Learning outcomes
Fluid flow	5.1 Describe the terminal velocity of an object. 5.2 Define and explain the term fluid drag. 5.3 Define steady (streamline/laminar) flow, incompressible flow and non-viscous flow for an ideal fluid. 5.4 Explain that at sufficiently high velocity, viscous flow changes from laminar to turbulent. 5.5 Describe that most practical examples of fluid flow involve turbulent conditions 5.6 Describe equation of continuity Av = constant and solve problems using it. 5.7 Identify that the equation of continuity is a form of the principle of conservation of mass. 5.8 Interpret and apply Bernoulli's effect in blood physics. 5.9 Derive Bernoulli's equation for the case of horizontal tube of flow 5.10 Describe that a pressure difference can arise from different rates of flow of fluid (Bernoulli effect).

Topic

Learning outcomes

Fluid flow

5.1 Describe the terminal velocity of an object.
5.2 Define and explain the term fluid drag.
5.3 Define steady (streamline/laminar) flow, incompressible flow and non-viscous flow for an ideal fluid.
5.4 Explain that at sufficiently high velocity, viscous flow changes from laminar to turbulent.
5.5 Describe that most practical examples of fluid flow involve turbulent conditions
5.6 Describe equation of continuity Av = constant and solve problems using it.
5.7 Identify that the equation of continuity is a form of the principle of conservation of mass.
5.8 Interpret and apply Bernoulli's effect in blood physics.
5.9 Derive Bernoulli's equation for the case of horizontal tube of flow
5.10 Describe that a pressure difference can arise from different rates of flow of fluid (Bernoulli effect).

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Unit 6Waves and Oscillations12 MCQs

Topic	Learning outcomes
Waves, sound, stationary waves, SHM	6.1 Describe wave motion as illustrated by vibrations in ropes and springs. 6.2 Demonstrate that mechanical waves require a medium while electromagnetic waves do not. 6.3 Define medium, displacement, amplitude, period, compression, rarefaction, crest, trough, wavelength, velocity. 6.4 Solve problems using v = fλ. 6.5 Describe that energy is transferred due to a progressive wave. 6.6 Compare transverse and longitudinal waves. 6.7 Explain that speed of sound depends on the medium; describe Newton's formula. 6.8 Describe the Laplace correction in Newton's formula for speed of sound in air. 6.9 Identify the factors on which speed of sound in air depends. 6.10 Describe the principle of superposition of two waves from coherent sources. 6.11 Describe interference of sound waves. 6.12 Explain the formation of stationary waves using graphical method 6.13 Define the terms node and antinode. 6.14 Describe modes of vibration of strings. 6.15 Describe formation of stationary waves in vibrating air columns. 6.16 Explain the principle of superposition 6.17 Explain simple harmonic motion (SHM) and its characteristics. 6.18 Describe that the projection of uniform circular motion on a diameter is SHM.

Topic

Learning outcomes

Waves, sound, stationary waves, SHM

6.1 Describe wave motion as illustrated by vibrations in ropes and springs.
6.2 Demonstrate that mechanical waves require a medium while electromagnetic waves do not.
6.3 Define medium, displacement, amplitude, period, compression, rarefaction, crest, trough, wavelength, velocity.
6.4 Solve problems using v = fλ.
6.5 Describe that energy is transferred due to a progressive wave.
6.6 Compare transverse and longitudinal waves.
6.7 Explain that speed of sound depends on the medium; describe Newton's formula.
6.8 Describe the Laplace correction in Newton's formula for speed of sound in air.
6.9 Identify the factors on which speed of sound in air depends.
6.10 Describe the principle of superposition of two waves from coherent sources.
6.11 Describe interference of sound waves.
6.12 Explain the formation of stationary waves using graphical method
6.13 Define the terms node and antinode.
6.14 Describe modes of vibration of strings.
6.15 Describe formation of stationary waves in vibrating air columns.
6.16 Explain the principle of superposition
6.17 Explain simple harmonic motion (SHM) and its characteristics.
6.18 Describe that the projection of uniform circular motion on a diameter is SHM.

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Unit 7Thermodynamics8 MCQs

Topic	Learning outcomes
Heat & first law	7.1 Describe that thermal energy is transferred from a region of higher temperature to lower temperature. 7.2 Differentiate between specific heat and molar specific heat. 7.3 Calculate work done by a thermodynamic system during a volume change. 7.4 Describe the first law of thermodynamics in terms of change in internal energy, heating of the system and work done on the system. 7.5 Explain that the first law of thermodynamics expresses conservation of energy. 7.6 Define specific heat and molar specific heats of a gas. 7.7 Apply the first law of thermodynamics to derive Cp − Cv = R for an ideal gas

Topic

Learning outcomes

Heat & first law

7.1 Describe that thermal energy is transferred from a region of higher temperature to lower temperature.
7.2 Differentiate between specific heat and molar specific heat.
7.3 Calculate work done by a thermodynamic system during a volume change.
7.4 Describe the first law of thermodynamics in terms of change in internal energy, heating of the system and work done on the system.
7.5 Explain that the first law of thermodynamics expresses conservation of energy.
7.6 Define specific heat and molar specific heats of a gas.
7.7 Apply the first law of thermodynamics to derive Cp − Cv = R for an ideal gas

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Unit 8Electrostatics10 MCQs

Topic	Learning outcomes
Coulomb's law, field, potential, capacitors	8.1 State Coulomb's law and explain that force between two point charges is reduced in a medium other than free space 8.2 Describe the concept of an electric field as an example of a field of force 8.3 Calculate magnitude and direction of the electric field at a point due to two charges with same or opposite signs 8.4 Sketch electric field lines for two point charges of equal magnitude with same or opposite signs 8.5 Describe and draw the electric field due to an infinite conducting plate of positive or negative charge 8.6 Define electric potential at a point in terms of work done in bringing unit positive charge from infinity to that point 8.7 Define the unit of potential 8.8 Derive an expression for electric potential at a point due to a point charge 8.9 Demonstrate charging and discharging of a capacitor through a resistance

Topic

Learning outcomes

Coulomb's law, field, potential, capacitors

8.1 State Coulomb's law and explain that force between two point charges is reduced in a medium other than free space
8.2 Describe the concept of an electric field as an example of a field of force
8.3 Calculate magnitude and direction of the electric field at a point due to two charges with same or opposite signs
8.4 Sketch electric field lines for two point charges of equal magnitude with same or opposite signs
8.5 Describe and draw the electric field due to an infinite conducting plate of positive or negative charge
8.6 Define electric potential at a point in terms of work done in bringing unit positive charge from infinity to that point
8.7 Define the unit of potential
8.8 Derive an expression for electric potential at a point due to a point charge
8.9 Demonstrate charging and discharging of a capacitor through a resistance

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Unit 9Current Electricity8 MCQs

Topic	Learning outcomes
Current, resistance, emf	9.1 Describe the concept of steady current. 9.2 State Ohm's law. 9.3 Define resistivity and explain its dependence upon temperature. 9.4 Explain the internal resistance of sources and its consequences for external circuits. 9.5 Describe the conditions for maximum power transfer.

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Unit 10Electromagnetism8 MCQs

Topic	Learning outcomes
Magnetic field & force	10.1 Define magnetic flux density and its units. 10.2 Describe magnetic flux Φ as scalar product of B and A: Φ = B⊥A = B·A. 10.3 Describe quantitatively the path of a charged particle shot into a magnetic field perpendicular to the field. 10.4 Explain that a force may act on a charged particle in a uniform magnetic field.

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Unit 11Electromagnetic Induction8 MCQs

Topic	Learning outcomes
Induction & transformers	11.1 State Faraday's law of electromagnetic induction. 11.2 Account for Lenz's law to predict the direction of an induced current and relate it to conservation of energy. 11.3 Describe the construction of a transformer and explain how it works. 11.4 Describe how step-up and step-down transformers can be used to ensure efficient transfer of electricity along cables.

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Unit 12Alternating Current8 MCQs

Topic	Learning outcomes
AC & EM spectrum	12.1 Describe the phase of alternating current and explain how phase lag and phase lead occur in AC circuits 12.2 Explain the flow of AC through resistors, capacitors and inductors 12.3 Become familiar with the EM spectrum (ranging from radio waves to gamma rays)

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Unit 13Electronics8 MCQs

Topic	Learning outcomes
Diodes & rectification	13.1 Define rectification and describe the use of diodes for half and full wave rectifications. 13.2 Describe the PN junction and discuss its forward and reverse biasing

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Unit 14Dawn of Modern Physics7 MCQs

Topic	Learning outcomes
Quantum Theory and Radiation	14.1 Explain the particle model of light in terms of photons with energy

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Unit 15Atomic Spectra6 MCQs

Topic	Learning outcomes
Atomic Spectra	15.1 Describe and explain atomic spectra / line spectrum

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Unit 16Nuclear Physics10 MCQs

Topic	Learning outcomes
Nucleus, decay, radiation uses	16.1 Describe a simple model for the atom to include protons, neutrons and electrons 16.2 Identify the spontaneous and random nature of nuclear decay. 16.3 Describe the term half-life and solve problems using λ = 0.693/T½. 16.4 Describe biological effects of radiation and explain the different medical uses of radiation.

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📖 English

5% weightage · 9 MCQs in the paper · 3 units

Notes Eng test

Unit 1Reading and Thinking Skills6 MCQs

Topic	Learning outcomes
Reading and thinking	1.1 Scan to answer short questions 1.2 Deduce the meanings from the context 1.3 Analyze how a writer/poet uses language to appeal to the senses through figurative language

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Unit 2Formal and Lexical Aspects of Language14 MCQs

Topic

Learning outcomes

Grammar & vocabulary

2.1 Deduce the meaning of difficult words from the context using contextual clues.
2.2 Explore the use of synonyms with varying shades of meaning used for irony, parody and satire.
2.3 Illustrate use of pronoun-antecedent agreement.
2.4 Illustrate use of tenses.
2.5 Illustrate use of infinitives and infinitive phrases.
2.6 Illustrate the use of gerund and gerund phrases.
2.7 Recognize varying position of adverbs in sentences according to their kinds and importance.
2.8 Illustrate use of prepositions of position, time, movement and direction.
2.9 Use appropriate transitional devices.
2.10 Illustrate use of all punctuation marks wherever applicable
2.11 Analyze sentences for different clauses and phrases and how their position changes meaning.
2.12 Recognize and use sentence inversion for various purposes.
2.13 Use active and passive voice appropriately.
2.14 Use direct and indirect speech appropriately.

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Unit 3Writing Skills10 MCQs

Topic	Learning outcomes
Proofreading	3.1 Proofread and edit their own, peers' and given text for errors of usage and style. 3.2 Faulty sentence structure 3.3 Subject–verb agreement 3.4 Errors of function words and spellings

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🧩 Logical Reasoning

5% weightage · 9 MCQs in the paper · 6 units

Notes LR test

Unit 1Critical Thinking5 MCQs

Topic	Learning outcomes
Critical thinking	5.1.1 Develop logical arguments for statements to be true or false. 5.1.2 Give reasons for the right beliefs. 5.1.3 Identify and critically evaluate false beliefs using logical reasoning.

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Unit 2Letter and Symbol Series10 MCQs

Topic	Learning outcomes
Series	5.2.1 Develop arithmetical operations as per numbers. 5.2.2 Develop geometrical progression as per numbers 5.2.3 Develop series / sequential orders as per letters and symbols (according to specific rules).

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Unit 3Logical Deductions7 MCQs

Topic	Learning outcomes
Deductions	5.3.1 Predict new relations on the basis of given relations. 5.3.2 Develop new structure on the basis of information in already drawn structures.

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Unit 4Logical Problems & Puzzles6 MCQs

Topic	Learning outcomes
Puzzles	5.4.1 Infer result of one problem to resolve another problem. 5.4.2 Develop skills to solve puzzles.

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Unit 5Course of Action5 MCQs

Topic	Learning outcomes
Course of action	5.5.1 Develop skills to gather different parts of information. 5.5.2 Use information for making decisions. 5.5.3 Judge different courses by using arguments

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Unit 6Cause and Effect5 MCQs

Topic	Learning outcomes
Cause and effect	5.6.1 Give reasons for incidents / events and accidents. 5.6.2 Reject false beliefs through valid arguments. 5.6.3 Build positive thinking in society through strong arguments.

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